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What is mitral valve regurgitation?

Mitral valve regurgitation is when blood leaks backward through the mitral valve each time the left ventricle contracts.

When the valve doesn’t close tightly, blood moves in two directions with each heartbeat. Some blood flows forward, as it should, and some leaks back into the left atrium.

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How does mitral valve regurgitation affect the heart?

When blood leaks backward through the mitral valve, it can raise the amount of blood and pressure in the left atrium. Over time, this added pressure can back up into the veins that carry blood from the lungs to the heart.

If the leakage becomes more severe, the increased pressure can lead to fluid buildup in the lungs, making it harder to breathe.

What are the symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation?

Mild mitral valve regurgitation often does not cause symptoms.

When symptoms develop, they usually come on gradually. They may include:

• Shortness of breath, especially with activity or when lying flat
• Feeling tired or weak
• Lightheadedness
• Heart palpitations (a fast or irregular heartbeat)

As the condition gets worse, breathing problems may become more noticeable. Some people may wake up at night feeling short of breath.

Which conditions may be linked to mitral valve regurgitation?

Mitral valve regurgitation can cause changes in the heart over time. The left atrium may enlarge because extra blood leaks back into it. An enlarged atrium can lead to an irregular heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation, which can affect how well the heart pumps.

Atrial fibrillation can increase the risk of blood clots, which may lead to a stroke.

Another possible complication is is pulmonary hypertension, which is high blood pressure in the blood vessels between the heart and lungs.

How is mitral valve regurgitation treated?

Treatment depends on how severe the condition is and how much it affects the heart. Some people may need only regular checkups and monitoring.

When treatment is needed, options may include:

• Medication to help manage symptoms or related conditions, such as heart rhythm problems or heart failure
• Procedures or surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve